The Health, Nutrition and Wellness site
6 Jun
An edited version of this article, written by Lela, was first published in The South African Journal of Natural Medicine, available in stores nationwide.
Immune Boosting foods for children.
With Summer coming to a close and Autumn days drawing near, parents are getting ready for the annual cold and flu season. The good news is that with a little extra care and preparation it is possible to boost your children’s immune system naturally, hopefully making cold and flu attacks less likely.
Children can often be ‘fussy eaters’ making it difficult for parents to ensure they get a balanced and varied diet. However, there are a few commonly available and easy-to-prepare foods which supply many of the nutrients which help the immune system to do its work. Here, in no particular order, are a few of the best:
Fruit and Vegetables.
In South Africa we are blessed with a wide variety of these powerhouses of health which are rich in antioxidants, nutrients which are crucial in the fight against free radicals. Free radicals are reactive molecules which have many adverse effects on the cells of the immune system such as damaging the cell membranes of fighter cells. 1
When buying fruit and vegetables, it is important to look for seasonal, locally grown and if possible, organic produce as these will provide the best levels of health enhancing nutrients.
Fruit and vegetables in season during the months of June, July and August include the following:
Fruits: Apples, Avocados, Dates, Grapefruit, Lemons, Limes, Melon, Naartjies, Oranges, Pawpaws or Papayas, Pears and Pineapples.
Vegetables: Asparagus, Beetroot, Broad beans, Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Fennel, Jerusalem artichokes, Kale spinach, Parsnips, Pumpkin, Radishes, Turnips and Watercress.
For a full list of seasonal fruits and vegetables in South Africa go to: http://tastetourist.com/seasonal-fruit-and-vegetables/ .
Getting children to eat more fruit and vegetables is not always easy, however there are a few simple recipes which most children love. During the colder days, soups are a good option as many vegetables can be disguised in a thick broth and for children who eat only pasta and tomato sauce (yes, we all know one of those) one can blend extra carrots, spinach, cauliflower and even broccoli into a home-made tomato sauce, which most children won’t object to. Butternut and beetroot also make good additions to such a sauce and have the added advantage of being slightly sweet, making the sauce more attractive to those who like the sweet taste of shop-bought tomato sauces. For children with more adventurous taste buds, garlic, a natural antibiotic, can be blended into soups and stews regularly and I’ve yet to meet the child who spotted the blended cauliflower in the cheese sauce with their baked macaroni and cheese.
When it comes to fruit, juicing fruits at home and then diluting the fresh juice with water can make nutritious drinks which help to give children a nutrient boost while keeping them hydrated. Ideally, to protect young teeth, dilute fruit juice as one part juice to three parts water as this helps to make the juice less acidic. Also try not to give younger children juice before a meal, as they find it particularly filling and may then not feel like eating.
Fresh, whole fruit can be chopped over cereal, served in pancakes or blended into plain, unsweetened yoghurt and served as a dessert or frozen as yoghurt lollies for occasional warm days.
A fun idea for a family day out is also to visit some of the local ‘pick your own’ farms, you can find a list on : http://www.pickyourown.org/southafrica.htm .
Yoghurt.
Yoghurt is a source of probiotics, living microbes which improve the microbial balance in the intestine and thus have a positive effect on health. Probiotics are said to help to stimulate the immune system and they fight against harmful bacteria colonising the gut by producing substances that are toxic to these bacteria. They also prevent harmful bacteria from attaching themselves to the cells which line the inside of the gut.2 Probiotics are called the ‘friendly bacteria’ and when buying yoghurt, one should look in particular for natural, unsweetened versions which contain ‘live’ cultures. Yoghurt is usually well tolerated by even lactose sensitive children and is a good source of Vitamin B12 and Zinc. Folic acid is an immune boosting nutrient which is manufactured by intestinal bacteria so keeping colon flora healthy by eating yoghurt regularly could help the body to produce this important vitamin. Serve yoghurt in smoothies with fresh or frozen fruits or mix it with a little lemon juice and salt and use it as a healthy mayonnaise alternative in tuna salads and sandwich fillings or as a dip for baked potato or sweet potato chips.
Eggs.
Conveniently, the humble boiled egg can supply good levels of Vitamins E, B5, B6, B12 and the minerals Zinc and Iron, all of which are at the top of the list when it comes to immune system support. Serve eggs boiled or scrambled, in sandwiches or even mixed with rice. They are also handy to pack for picnics or school lunches. Be careful to cook eggs thoroughly so as to avoid salmonella and be aware that children with eczema or asthma may be sensitive to eggs so try to introduce small amounts as a test before making eggs the focus of a meal. 3 When shopping for eggs, try to buy free-range and/or organic when possible.
Nuts and seeds.
Many nuts and seeds contain important nutrients which are helpful to immune support. Peanuts, for example, are rich in Vitamins B5 and B6, pumpkin seeds have high levels of the mineral Zinc while almonds are good sources of Iron and Copper and Brazil nuts contain good amounts of Selenium, another immune boosting mineral.
Unsweetened nut butters are the way to go if your children are very young and you are worried about the choking hazard with nuts and seeds, peanut butter on rice cakes make a healthy afternoon snack and many health shops now offer almond or cashew butters as alternatives. Another way to use nuts safely is to grind a selection of nuts into a fine powder which can be mixed into smoothies, sprinkled over cereal or porridge or used in home made fruit and nut bars.
Be aware that it is not advisable to give nuts to children younger than two years of age as introducing nuts into their diet too soon, could potentially lead to them developing a nut allergy.
Fish.
Many varieties of fish contain high levels of the good fats EPA and DHA, for example salmon, mackerel, sardines, trout and haddock. Of these, sardines and salmon are probably the easiest to use when it comes to children. Making a sandwich spread with sardines or salmon and plain, smooth cottage cheese can be a good way of disguising the fish for those children with more sensitive tastebuds as the plain taste of the cheese nicely balances the strong taste of the fish. Fish liver is especially high in Vitamins A and D, which may explain the tradition of cod liver oil by the spoonful, which some of us grew up with! Cod has good levels of phosphorus, potassium and selenium and mackerel contains B vitamins, Vitamin E and Magnesium.
Fish cakes or fish fingers are an easy option which many mothers fall back on when a mealtime emergency strikes, unfortunately shop bought versions can be high in fat, especially when fried, so try to make home made fish cakes in bulk and freeze them to pop in the oven when a quick meal is needed. If you are lucky enough to live near a working harbour, investigate wholesale suppliers of fresh fish, buying in larger quantities and freezing at home can often save quite a bit on your monthly grocery bill.
A South African favourite.
I would wager that there aren’t many South Africans who don’t remember being given rooibos tea as children. Some of us loved it and drink it still, others moved on to stronger teas but the chances are, we are all giving it to our children. Rooibos and its ’sister’ tea, honeybush, are high in antioxidants as well as being sources of potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron. In addition these teas are caffeine free and low in tannin, making them the perfect teas to use for children. Use them mixed with fruit juice as iced tea or serve them as a warming after school drink in the upcoming colder months.
Some handy tips.
Regardless of how much variety you offer your children, some often still seem reluctant to eat, here are a few things which may help to ignite their interest:
Allow children to participate in preparing their own meals, cut sandwiches into shapes with cookie cutters, make animal shapes out of pancakes and even omelettes and in this way help them to feel in control of what they are taking into their body.
Another way to coax a child into finishing a plate of food, is to retain some mystery and only give them a little at a time. This also prevents them from feeling overwhelmed by the sight of a full plate of food which they know they will be expected to finish. Encourage them to try the small amount first, then have them ask for ‘more please’, thus allowing them to discover the meal taste by taste and ensuring they eat a lot more than they realise!
Another immune booster.
Naturally, providing the right food is important for a strong immune system but it is not all parents can do for their children in this regard. Studies have shown that the numbers of natural killer cells in the body go up after moderate physical activity so ensuring your children get daily exercise, preferably in the fresh air, can go a long way to helping them stay happy and healthy! These natural killer cells are part of the first line of defense against bacteria and viruses so increasing their numbers will improve immune response.4 Most children enjoy group activities, thus it could be worth considering starting a regular practise of a team sport with some other families in your area, in this way, your children get exercise along with developing important social skills. If this is not possible, aim for doing an activity such as walking, cycling or swimming with your children at least five times a week, besides the physical benefits, this also gives you valuable bonding time.
A note on supplements.
Unfortunately, modern processing, storage and transport methods, mean that not all food is as nutritious as it may have been when we were growing up, leading to the need for supplementation. When contemplating a supplement programme for your children, remember that it is definitely not a case of ‘one size fits all’. Although it can be tempting to give the entire family one multi-vitamin, it is important to invest some time in establishing each individuals needs. Children’s nutritional needs differ greatly from one age group to the next and activity levels and environment also need to be considered. If at all possible, try to avoid supplementation for children, however if it does become necessary, be careful to use only products specially formulated for children’s needs, preferably those recommended by your doctor, dietician or nutritionist.
However you choose to boost your children’s immune system this Winter, remember that quality time spent together, love given unconditionally and regular doses of laughter can take your family far along the road of optimum health!
Special thanks to Meghan Warren, Children’s Activity officer, Arabella Western Cape Hotel and Spa, for her valuable input in the writing of this article.
References:
1 – Boost Your Child’s Immune System The natural way, Anna Niec-Oszywa, Allen & Unwin, New South Wales, Australia, 2001, pages 97-98. ISBN: 1 865085103.
2 – Boost Your Child’s Immune System The natural way, Anna Niec-Oszywa, Allen & Unwin, New South Wales, Australia, 2001, page 126. ISBN: 1 865085103.
3 – Rose Elliot’s Mother, Baby & Toddler Book, Rose Elliot, Harper Collins Publishers, Ted Smart, London, 1996, page 64. ISBN: 0583 32565-3.
4 – Boost Your Child’s Immune System The natural way, Anna Niec-Oszywa, Allen & Unwin, New South Wales, Australia, 2001, page 192. ISBN: 1 865085103.
Other books and websites used in the writing of this article:
a) Foods that Harm, Foods that Heal, Reader’s Digest, published by The Reader’s Digest Association South Africa (Pty) Limited, Cape Town, 1997. ISBN: 1 874912521.
b) Staying Healthy with Nutrition, Elson M. Haas M.D, Celestial Arts
Publishing, 1992, Berkeley, California, ISBN: 0-89087-481-6
http://capehoneybushtea.co.za/health.htm
24 Mar
An edited version of this article written by Lela was published in issue 47 of The South African Journal of Natural Medicine, available in stores nationwide and on: www.naturalmedicine.co.za
Benefits of Vitamin E.
Every few years scientists and researchers around the world proclaim a new miracle product. Dis- eases from dry skin to diabetes are prevented or eased and all by a natural substance, with little or no side – effects. Sound too good to be true? Maybe, but in the case of Vitamin E, maybe not.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, was first discovered in 1922 and was initially known as the ‘antisterility’ vitamin. Since then it has become widely accepted as an essential vitamin and is used in the treatment and /or prevention of many common ailments.
Antioxidant Power.
Vitamin E occurs in nature in eight structurally related forms, 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols, all of which are potent membrane-soluble antioxidants.
In its role as an antioxidant Vitamin E helps to reduce oxidation of lipid membranes and the unsaturated fatty acids as well as preventing the breakdown of other important nutrients by oxygen.
Oxidation is a chemical reaction which involves the addition of oxygen, the removal of hydrogen or the removal of an electron from a substance. The process of oxidation causes the formation of free-radicals, highly unstable molecules which can contribute to tissue and cellular irritation and damage, which can lead to chronic inflammation. A variety of chemical reactions in the body are responsible for the formation of excess free-radicals which is the basis of dis-eases such as heart disease, hypertension and arthritis.Vitamin E has been shown to be effective in protecting the tissues from oxidation and free-radicals and as such, playing an important role in preventing these diseases.
As an antioxidant, Vitamin E also helps to protect the tissues and stabilise the cell membranes of the skin, liver, eyes and breast, as well as protecting the lungs from oxidative damage from environmental substances. The key function of Vitamin E as an antioxidant is to stabilize and modify blood fats so that the heart, blood vessels and in actual fact the entire body, are more protected from injury induced by free-radicals. Another example of this vitamins antioxidant power is in the treatment of leg cramps, studies have suggested that taking 400 IUs daily can be beneficial in treating this condition.
Humans and animals do not synthesize their own Vitamin E so they need to get tocopherols from plants which are the only species capable of synthesizing Vitamin E.
Heart Helper.
Vitamin E has been shown to reduce platelet aggregation and platelet adhesiveness to collagen, even more than aspirin.This means that it helps to allow good blood flow and so can decrease the risk of artherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, particularly in people who are already at risk. This amazing vitamin helps heart and muscle cell respiration by improving their functioning without oxygen and as a result may help with endurance and stamina and so also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The potential benefits of Vitamin E in preventing cardiovascular disease may partially stem from its ability to inhibit smooth muscle cell profileration. 1 In addition Vitamin E has also been used to neutralize free radicals generated during surgery, in particular cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and could protect the body against some of the toxicity of gases used in anesthesia.
Anti – Aging.
Telltale signs of aging such as skin changes and tissue degeneration can be caused by free radical damage to cells which are unprotected by antioxidant nutrients such as Vitamin E. Applied topically it has also been used to reduce scarring, help prevent dry skin and stretch marks and assist in the repair of skin ulcers and burns. As such Vitamin E is used in many anti-aging and beauty products available on the market today.
Womens friend.
Women should find Vitamin E particularly helpful as it has been found that the Vitamin E in starflower and evening primrose oil can help to reduce the hot flushes often experienced during menopause. A study in 1984 led by Dr Wald at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in
Another study measured the blood levels of Vitamin E and selenium and it found that those women within the top third of those with high levels of these nutrients, had a 91% decreased risk of cancer.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study reported in The Lancet, involving 160 pregnant women at the risk of toxaemia showed that Vitamin E may be of benefit during pregnancy also. In the study some of the women were given an antioxidant supplement of 1 gram Vitamin C and 400 IUs Vitamin E daily, from weeks 16-22 until the end of pregnancy and the rest were given a placebo. The group taking the antioxidants had a 76 percent lower incidence of preeclampsia than the group taking the placebo. 3
Prostaglandins.
Vitamin E is one of five nutrients(these are: Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamin E, Vitamin C and Vitamin B6 ) needed for the body to manufacture prostaglandins, which among other functions, help to regulate calcium movement in the body, control cell growth, control hormone regulation and sensitize spinal neurons to pain. Vitamin E helps to reduce PMS symptoms because of its regulatory role in prostaglandin production. In particular prostaglandins help to reduce cramps and breast tenderness.
Essential Fatty Acids.
Vitamin E helps to ensure maximum absorption of essential fatty acids (EFAs), also know collectively as Vitamin F. EFAs are responsible for, among many other things, normal growth, behaviour, maintenance of cell membranes, a working immune system and a balance in hormone levels. In natural nutrition, when a person is not capable or ready to take EFAs orally then Vitamin E is applied topically in order to maximise EFAs absorption from dietary sources until the body is able to handle taking the oils by mouth. This is usually done after a bath or shower as an oil in the form of evening primrose oil and is applied to the inner thighs and the inner parts of the upper arms.
Vitamin E and Diabetes.
Treatment with Vitamin E appears to be effective in normalizing retinal blood-flow abnormalities and improving kidney function in insulin dependant (type 1) diabetes. Many diabetics have decreased blood flow at the retina of the eye and can suffer from diabetic retinopathy, a degenerative eye condition which can cause vision loss. In a clinical trial patients receiving high doses of Vitamin E for 4 months experienced improved kidney function and a near normal rate of retinal blood flow. 4
What else is it good for?
In his book, ‘Staying Healthy with Nutrition’, Elson M Haas, MD, suggests the following as possible other uses of Vitamin E taken orally: peptic ulcers, anemia, periodontal disease, shingles, autoimmune diseases and dermatitis. He also suggests that Vitamin E protects against the toxic effects of smoke, alcohol and ozone and when applied topically can be used for lupus rash, herpes infections and skin ulcers among other afflictions.
Deficiency.
There is no deficiency disease for Vitamin E as opposed to Vitamin C or many of the B vitamins, thus a deficiency of this vitamin is often very difficult to diagnose. Biochemically, low levels of Vitamin E can be measured in the blood and have been seen in conditions such as acne, anemia, infections and certain dementias such as Alzheimers disease. If you suspect you have a severe Vitamin E deficiency, consult your GP and a recognised nutritionist who will be able to work out a supplement programme tailored to your personal needs.
Supplements.
If taking a Vitamin E supplement the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in
Children 4-6 years of age: 9 IUs
7-10 years of age: 10 IUs
Males from 15 years of age: 15 IUs
Females from 15 years of age 12 IUs
Pregnancy: 15 IUs
Lactation: 18 IUs
As always, consult with your GP, dietician or nutritionist before embarking on any supplement programme.
Food sources.
Vitamin E can be found in nature in a variety of foods. Among these are: wheat germ oil, olive oil (cold-pressed, extra virgin), safflower oil, corn oil, soybeans, nut oils, spinach, asparugus, kale, celery, tomatoes, egg yolk, butter, milk fat and liver. The oil component of all nuts, seeds and grains contain tocopherol but processing can often destroy this valuable vitamin so be sure to use cold-pressed oils and raw, unroasted nuts and seeds if you are trying to increase your dietary intake of this vitamin.
Nature provides us with many nutrients which we need to function with optimal health and vitality, of these, Vitamin E is a shining example of just how perfectly we are provided for. Ensuring that you have an optimal intake of this and other vitamins is easy if you focus on natural and unprocessed foods and always remember to read your labels and ask questions if you are not sure of how a food is manufactured or stored. Be adventurous in your food choices and explore all the riches that natures bounty has to offer because personally, I suspect, in the next few years, we will discover even more benefits that have been ‘hidden’ in these natural powerhouses all along.
References:
1. Jiang Quing, Christen Stephan, Shigenaga Mark K, Ames Bruce N; ‘ y-Tocopherol, the major form of Vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention.’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 74, no.6, 714-722, December 2001.
2. Wald N et al. ‘Plasma retinol, betacarotene and Vitamin E levels in relation to future risk of breast cancer’, British Journal of Cancer, 1984, 49: 321-324.
3. Chappel L C et al, Lancet 354, 1999: 810-816.
4. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1245-1251.
Recommended reading:
www.mothering.com/articles/pregnancy_birth/birth_preparation/herbal-allies.html
http://www.zestrsa.co.za/rda.htm.
www.anyvitamins.com/fatty-acids-info.htm.
Haas, Elson MD, ‘Staying Healthy with Nutrition’, Celestial Arts Publishing,
Erasmus, Udo, ‘Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill’, Alive Books,
15 May
Carrier Oils act as a medium for essential oils which are very concentrated and are blended into the carrier oil in low dilutions ( 3% ). This means that you will add a maximum of three drops essential oil per teaspoon carrier oil.
Carrier oils are usually extracted from seeds and fruit and are called fixed oils because they are not volatile. The chemical structure of vegetable oils is such that it is easily absorbed through the skin and also has therapeutic properties of its own.
While the vitamins and minerals of the different carrier oils have a role to play,it is the concentration of essential fatty acids,the presence of anti-oxidants and natural tocopherol (Vit.E ), that determine the ultimate benefit the carrier oils offer. EFA s are free radical scavengers and can protect the skin from pollution and sun and wind damage. Carrier oils containing Gamma Linoleic Acid (GLA ) are important for healthy cell functioning and regeneration of skin cells. Carrier oils containing Vit.E promote soft and supple skin and act as a natural preservative.
Invest in quality, cold-pressed organic oils and store in dark glass bottles in a cool place. Create your blends in small quantities as exposure to light and oxygen over a period of time may turn the carrier oil rancid. Choose your carrier oils for the specific purpose you need it for,be it massage oil, bath oil, skin oil or barrier cream. Those with sensitive skin, should always do a test patch and people with a severe reaction to nuts should rather not use nut oils.
Has been popular through the ages for use in face and hand creams. It can be used for all skin types and its concentration of oleic and linoleic essential fatty acids makes it a great moisturiser,soothing to itchy and inflamed skin,and a good lubricant and conditioner for the skin. It is used extensively on its own as a massage oil because of its light and non greasy nature.
Contains useful levels of EFA s, has a light texture for easy absorption and blended with other oils such as almond and sesame, offers enriching and nourishing properties for dry , damaged skin.
Traditionally used as a beauty oil by women in Mexico, avocado oil is rich in proteins and Vitamins A,B,D.,and contains anti-oxidants which gives it a long shelf life. Cold pressed, the oil is thick and viscous and is better used as addition to another carrier oil. Avocado oil is good for dehydrated skin and has the ability to penetrate into the deeper layers of skin. It also act as a natural sunscreen.
Grapeseed oil is popular as a massage oil as it has a light texture with good lubricant quality and is an odourless carrier for essential oils. It contains some Vit. E ,minerals and vitamins. Critcism against grapeseed oil is that it is obtained by hot extraction methods or solvents and is thus not as “wholesome” as cold pressed oils.
Olive oil has been extensively used since ancient times,as food as well as massage oil.Olive oil has a high concentration of anti-oxidants as well as chlorophyll and carotenoids.This makes olive oil good to assist cell regeneration,to stimulate and nourish the skin,as well as softening and preserving the skin. Olive oil has an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory action due to its polyphenol content. Olive oil is used as a base for ointments, but blended with other oils for use as a massage oil.
Sesame oil is a clear pale yellow oil ,rich in minerals and vitamins and have a high Vit. E content. A natural moisteriser,it nourishes and detoxify the deeper tissue layers. A natural sunscreen ,it is also good for sensitive skins and has antiseptic properties. A good carrier oil to use on its own or as part of a blend.
The above carrier oils are readily available from health shops to offer their unique qualities to your skin and massage oil blends. Some specialized carrier oils are available to use in small quantities to enhance your blends even more.
Evening Primrose Oil is well known for its health benefits and are taken via capsules internally. As a carrier oil, it is used in small quantities in a blend where it acts as a preservative to the base oil,as well as bringing its unique qualities to the blend.The high GLA content of evening primrose oil moisturises and nourishes the skin,counter-acting premature aging. It has a beneficial effect on skin conditions such as eczema,psoriasis and dermatitis.
Extracted from the beans of this desert scrub, jojoba oil is a waxy substance,akin to sebum, making it an excellent lubricant, beneficial to all skin types. A natural sunscreen, jojoba oil is easily absorbed into the deeper layers of skin, is softening, moisture retaining and protective to the skin. Add to other carrier oils.
A wonder oil derived from the seeds within the rose hips,it is high in essential fatty acids, GLA and Vit. C. Research has found rosehip oil excellent for the healing and regeneration of damaged tissue. Rose hip oil has been used to treat burns, scars, ulceration of the skin,and radiation burns. Rose hip oil used as a night oil,is good for dry and aging skin. Blend in any dilution with carrier oils.
A natural oil with a high Vit. E content, wheatgerm oil is used at a 10% dilution in other carrier oils for its anti-oxidant properties to increase shelf life. Wheatgerm oil will benefit dry or mature skin. Buy wheatgerm oil in small quantities and keep refrigerated.
A good quality vegetable , seed or nut carrier oil will enhance your skin as well as offer a wholesome medium for your chosen essential oils. Creating your own personalized blends is a satisfying process and good for body ,mind and soul.